Wednesday, September 27, 2023

མི་ཚེའི་སྙིང་པོ།




འཛམ་གླིང་འཁོར་བའི་ས་སྟེང་། འཇིག་པའི་རང་བཞིན་ཡིན་ན་ཡང་། 

མི་ལུས་འཐོབ་ཁན་སྤྲང་པོ། བདེ་བ་ཡུད་ཙམ་ཅིག་གེ། 

ཆགས་པ་ཞེན་པ་བསྐྱེད་དེ། སྡུག་བསྔལ་སེམས་མས་མ་བསམ། 

དམ་ཆོས་སྒྲུབ་པ་མ་ཚུགས། དོན་མེད་མི་ཚེ་ཕྲོ་བརླག། 

སོང་ཚེ་འགྱོད་པ་བསྐྱེད་རུང་། ལོག་པའི་ཐབས་ཅིག་མ་འབྱུང་། 


རང་གི་དྲིན་ཆེན་ཨ་མ། ལྷ་མོའི་ཞལ་རས་འབག་སྟེ། 

བྱམས་བརྩེ་ཚད་མེད་སྐྱོངས་ཚེ། བུ་ཚ་དགའ་སྐྱིད་དྲག་སྟེ། 

ཕ་མའི་ཚེའི་ཚད་མ་ཤེས། དགྲ་ཆེན་འཆི་བ་འོང་ཚེ། 

བུ་ཚ་མི་གྲལ་བཞུགས་པའི། ན་ཚོད་རན་ཧིང་མ་བལྟ། 

ད་ལྟ་མཐོང་ས་མེད་པ། འདྲིན་ལན་འཇལ་ཐབས་མ་འབྱུང་།


དམ་ཚིག་ཅན་གྱི་ཨ་ཞེ། ལོ་དང་ན་ཚོད་ཆུང་རུང་། 

ཨ་མའི་འགན་འཁུར་འཕོག་སྟེ། སྤུན་ལ་རྐང་ཐངས་དྲངས་སེ། 

བྱམས་བརྩེ་མྱོངས་འཁན་ཉུང་པོ། ཨ་ཞེའི་ན་གཟུགས་མ་འཚོར། 

ཚེ་སྒང་དཀའ་བ་དཔྱད་དེ། ན་ཐན་གྲུབ་འབྲས་འབྱུང་ཚེ། 

གློ་འབུར་ཚེ་ལས་འདས་ཚེ། གཉིད་ལམ་དངོས་སུ་མ་ཤེས། 


སྐྱེས་པའི་ཁ་ཚིག་ལྡན་པའི། ངའི་གི་ཡབ་རྗེ་དམ་པ། 

བཟའ་ཚང་དགའ་སྐྱིད་དོན་གེ། དཀའ་བ་གནག་པུ་དཔྱད་དེ། 

རེ་བ་ཐམས་ཅད་བཀང་སེ། ལངས་ཤོར་བུ་ཚ་ང་ཀིས། 

དཀའ་སྡུག་ཡང་ལྗིད་མ་ཤེས། ད་ལྟན་སོན་པོ་ཡོད་རུང་། 

རང་གི་འཁོར་བའི་མི་ཚེ། སྐྱོངས་སང་རེ་བ་བསྐྱེད་དེ། 

བར་ལས་ལ་ལུང་གཅད་དེ། ལཱ་དང་གཡོག་གིས་བཀག་སྟེ། 

གདོང་བསྐོར་འཛོམས་སང་མེད་ཚེ། ཉོན་མོངས་འཁོར་བའི་མི་ཚེ། 

མི་ལུས་འཐོབ་སྟེ་འབད་རུང་། དོན་དག་སྙིང་པོ་ཡོད་གམ?

Monday, September 4, 2023

Critical review of Bhutan's achievement of criteria for LDC Graduation

Bhutan was included along with 25 other countries in the LDC list in 1971 and found eligible for graduation for the first time during the 2015 triennial review of the Committee for Development Policy (CDP), the subsidiary advisory body of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In the same year, Bhutan fulfilled the graduation threshold levels for the GNI per capita and Human Asset Indicator criteria but did not meet the threshold for the Economic Vulnerability Indicator. 

As Bhutan continued to meet the thresholds in the same two criteria, the CDP during its March 2018 Triennial Review recommended for graduation to the ECOSOC. Further, the independent vulnerability profile reports of  UNCTAD and ex-ante impact assessment of UNDESA had positive assessments in terms of Bhutan’s graduation from LDC.

With the standard transition period, Bhutan would have graduated in 2021. However, the Government conveyed to the CDP the need for a longer transition period of 5 years coinciding with the 12th Five Year Plan period. 

On the basis of the performance of LDC criteria and assessments by UNCTAD and UNDESA, General Assembly resolution A/RES/73/133 adopted on 13 December 2018, decided that Bhutan will graduate five years after the adoption of the resolution, i.e. on 13 December 2023. 

Even in 2021 triennial review, Bhutan fulfilled all three criteria after the revision of EVI criteria and reaffirmed CDP’s recommendation of Bhutan’s graduation. 


Are we ready? 

While the UN development indicators enable Bhutan to graduate by 2023, the question is; are we ready and prepared to graduate? This can be answered by critically reviewing Bhutan's achievement in respective criterion for LDC graduation in relation to existing developmental challenges. I will leave out the implications of graduation for there are already several publications.

  1. Bhutan’s LDC Performance

Table: Bhutan’s performance in the CDP Triennial Review

Source: Committee for Development Policy, United NationsGNI Per capita; 


1.1. Gross National Income (GNI) Per capita. 

While the GNI indicator performance records a tremendous success, the significant contributions are from resource intensive and climate sensitive sectors such as hydropower and tourism (biodiversity) with limited degree of manufacturing. The private sectors are yet to unleash their full potential and tax revenues are very modest in it’s contribution to GDP. Further, the impact of covid 19 pandemic led to a decrease of GDP and GNI to USD 2325 and 2306 respectively in 2020. The GDP growth rate nosedived to -10 in the same year. It was estimated to have an economic loss of Nu.10 billion in the process of containing covid 19 pandemic. Thus, while the rapid rise of per capita income signals a quick prosperity it hides the structural impediments to economic diversification. 

The growth in the GDP and GNI also did not have commensurate job creation as the unemployment rates are high amongst the undergraduates. The hydropower and industry have a disproportionate contribution to jobs and GDP. In addition, the income disparities between rural- urban areas remain a developmental challenge to address and widened further by the covid 19 impacts in 2020 through lay-offs, furloughs, leave without pay or reduced wages and inflated prices of basic goods. 


1.2 Human Asset Index (HAI)

As far as HAI is concerned, Bhutan has done considerably well on educational sub-indicators which captures the gross secondary enrollment, gender parity index in secondary enrolment and adult literacy.  However, the learning outcomes and the quality of the education have come under public scrutiny that it is not up to the standard both nationally and internationally. Further, the access to Early Childhood care and development (ECCD) facilities are limited and tertiary education is grappling with increasing demand of students, limited resources and rapidly changing skills requirements. The absorption of graduates and educated youths into the civil service and corporation  is minimal and private sectors are not able to employ due to mismatch of skills and lack of experiences. Youths face difficulty in finding jobs and many are looking to go abroad for income opportunities but by undertaking blue collar jobs such as cleaner and elderly caregivers.  Such aforementioned ground realities are camouflaged in the HAI parameters and graduation from LDC will have huge implications in human resource development. 

With regard to health indicators, the criteria covers prevalence of stunting, under five mortality rate and maternal mortality rate. As of 2021, the NSB recorded under five mortality at 34.1 while the stunting value at 23 and maternal mortality value at 185. The 2015 national nutritional survey reported the prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age at 21.2%. The report also recorded the health concern of prevalence of 43.8% and almost 40% of anemia in women and adolescent girls respectively. 

Further, non-communicable disease has become the main disease burden and cause of premature death in the country. NCD is reported to be the main cause of more than 50% death in the country. The country's policy of free public healthcare is known to be a substantial financial liability and therefore, sustainability remains an issue to address. Covid 19 pandemic also indicated the need for Bhutan to develop a robust mechanism to respond to health needs during emergencies and aftermath of natural disasters. In the immediate term, Bhutan needs to address the human resource shortage in health sectors. 

In general, while the education and health indicators confirm the development progress, there is no commensurate success in poverty rate reduction. The recent NSB report recorded a spike in poverty rate to 12.4% from 8.2% in 2017. This translates into 80614 people living under the poverty line with less than Nu.6204 people per month. 


1.3) Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index

The EVI is composed of indicators of share of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing in GDP, remoteness and landlockedness, merchandise export concentration, instability of exports of goods and services, share of population in low elevated coastal zones, share of the population living in drylands, instability of agricultural production, and victims of disasters.

Bhutan fulfilled the vulnerability index for the first time in the 2021 triennial review after the revision of vulnerability criteria by adding environmental dimension. In a recent review, Bhutan’s share value of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing stands at 16.2. The value for remoteness and landlockedness stands at 51.2 and merchandise export concentration at 0. 37 while the instability of exports of goods and services at 10. The value of instability of agricultural production is at 7.4 and victims of disasters at 0.15.

While this remains an achievement for Bhutan, other economic challenges such as unstable macroeconomic environment, growing debt burden, lack of technology and human capital, a lack of productive capacities, an insufficiently diversified economic base and export basket that inhibits trade expansion, and marked vulnerability to natural disasters will have significant bearings on building resilience and more so after the graduation. 

While the agriculture sector remains to be the largest employer at 57.2%, there is not much of a commensurate GDP contribution (16.5%). At the same time, the limited shift of workforce from agriculture to manufacturing  distinguishes the economy as largely agrarian and requires some further structural economic transformation. The sector is prone to Climate change related disasters and human- wildlife conflict. 

On the flip side, the share of manufacturing remained very small at just 11 percent with most MSMEs engaged in the production of low value-added products. The private sector is still at a nascent stage and our industrial production is plagued with severe supply chain issues, rising input and transaction costs and inefficient market linkages despite the overall improvement in infrastructure such as roads, telecommunication, ICT and transport. According to the 2018 World Bank Logistics Performance Index (LPI), Bhutan has one of the weakest logistics performance (second to Afghanistan)scoring particularly low on the quality of trade and transport related infrastructure.  The FDI inflows to Bhutan are considered to be lower than FDI flows to other LDCs in the South Asia region.

Similarly, the country’s highest revenue generating sector of hydropower is unable to provide enough employment opportunities for the domestic workforce. Our heavy reliance on the sector for growth and export leads to macroeconomic uncertainties and vulnerabilities. In light of the increased climate-change,  adverse weather events could negatively affect electricity generation from existing plants and, in turn, affect energy-intensive industries. In addition, hydropower is plagued with delays in construction, enormous cost escalation, and  causing factors for mounting public debts. 

On the trading front, Bhutan faces numerous exogenous and endogenous challenges to trade, including the heavy reliance on the Indian market, changing global trading system, restrictive customs procedures, supply constraints and inadequacies of trade‐related infrastructure, and undiversified export basket and export markets. Such weak productive capacities and limited export diversification have resulted in high import content in domestic consumption and production leading to trade and account deficit. Further, owing to limited access to regional and international markets by Bhutan’s producers, we have not been able to increase trade value of goods and services significantly as compared to other LDCs in the region such as Nepal. 

Environmentally, Bhutan’s mountainous and fragile topography is susceptible to natural disasters such as Glacial lake outburst floods, persistent landslides, frequent earthquakes, floods, forest fires, and windstorms. In addition, the country lacks the financial resources and technical expertise to adequately manage frequent disasters.

In conclusion, the UN development criteria does not really capture the actual socio-economic development and its progress. It is important that Bhutan graduates from LDC with a strong and vibrant economy foundation which in turn would go a long way in smooth and efficient transition to a developing country status. Even the CDP in various triennial review reports express the concern for Bhutan’s on its  heavy reliance on hydropower exports, tourism and agriculture and accordingly recommends that the Government continues its efforts to foster economic diversification, supporting in particular the development of small and medium sized enterprises and cottage industries to help expand domestic production and reduce import dependency. It also recommends strengthening and diversifying its linkages with the Indian economy.



References 

CDP (2022). Monitoring of countries graduating and graduated from the list of LDC category:


CDP (2018). Vulnerability profile of Bhutan. Available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/CDP-PL-2018-6a.pdf


United Nation (n.d).  LDC portal- International support measures for least developed countries.  Available at https://www.un.org/ldcportal/content/about-ldc-portal


UNTAD (2022). Towards a smooth transition strategy for Bhutan. Available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aldc2021d5_en.pdf


Friday, July 14, 2023

Challenges Faced by Political Parties in Bhutan’s Election; Perspectives from the Political Party Representatives

Political parties face various challenges, and Bhutan is no exception. While Bhutan’s democratization is often defined as a unique process, the practical issues facing the political parties are not different. I and Ugyen Lhundup have examined the challenges faced by political parties in Bhutan’s election through in-depth semi-structured interviews of key informants of all political parties and a thematic analysis. 


The paper titled "Challenges Faced by Political Parties in Bhutan’s Election; Perspectives from the Political Party Representatives" was published on Bhutan Journal of Management, Royal Institute of Management. Interested ones may access by copy pasting the link address below:


http://www.rim.edu.bt/journal/index.php/Bhutan_journal_of_management/article/view/91


Monday, July 10, 2023

Who is the role model in Civil Service?

Be a better role model 
 Who will stand out for inspiration in Civil Service? 

As we are optimistically reforming in ways and forms of our public sector, we are also grappling with so many issues at the national level including high attrition rate and outmigration of productive population. Since this trend of exiting the system, as an individual who just entered the civil service recently, I have always tried motivating myself and was careful not to be influenced by those near and far ones who made such decision for their life. I have seen my closest friends, cousins and working colleagues waving goodbyes and shedding tears at the airport. It really was a huge sacrifice and decisions for each of them. 

I was so happy when they got an opportunity to go fulfill their dream elsewhere. Some in my view are not meant for civil service and their contribution to the nation would be more outside of the civil service. At the same time, internally, I felt bit sad for loosing some really dedicated and hardworking ones. They really could be an asset to any organization and civil service in particular. I am uncertain if they would be able to progress and rise to the leadership position in the civil service but they really were a dedicated servant who could help our people and delivering public services. I felt so helpless and at the least, the only thing I could do was to pray for their success and express my happiness for their decision. I hope all of them return sooner or later. 

But as a nation, has this issue emerged suddenly? Have we not known this issue? or did this happen in the past? Attrition issue is generally faced across all employing agencies but the rate of attrition differs from one another. I guess we are unprepared for this issue and suddenly every agency is panicking. The informal discussion and talks seems to indicate that every employee can exit the system anytime for varied reasons. Would there be a situation where executives are not only the decision makers but also the workers? Exiting system is an open secret but ignored by everyone until it happens. It is high time every agencies have the plan and strategies to retain people besides replacement and new recruitment. It is not about someone is indispensable or irreplaceable but do we have available skills, talents, experiences and institutional memories in market in addition to availability of people? 

This boils down to the question of what is a civil service? What does it mean for one to become one? Is there motivation to become or be one? At the larger level, it is sad to see majority including national executives putting blame on our own systems and civil servant. Increasingly in recent times, civil service has become a scapegoat to everyone including outsiders, media and common people. It is hard to find someone talking good about Civil Service. If no one, at least, civil servants should talk good about it. In such an environment we are in, it is difficult to look up to someone. I guess there is no role model or inspiration in civil service. Role model and inspiration should come from someone who is working in this civil service profession. 

Despite every hiccups and mess, let us for once own our issues and promote civil service to motivate each other both internally and externally. Let us reflect and demonstrate opportunities and some positive things about cvil service. Let us define the characteristics and value of civil service than mere words inscribed in the BCSR. Let us identify and recognize someone to follow than his majesty. This is because we have already done enough damage in the process and can't expect good things to fruition ultimately.

Friday, May 6, 2022

The Service to whom?

In pursuant to getting school admission for my brother in Thimphu, I verbally contacted the MoE two months ago. I was directed to approach Thimphu Thromde and I applied online as announced but my application was rejected as my reasons required separate discussion. I was asked to write an application and submit it to Thromde with other medical documents. Accordingly, I could submit my application to Thromde on my second visit to the office. From there, I was again asked to produce another letter from the concerned medical doctor from JDWNRH. Then after failing to get an appointment with the doctor several times I could finally get a concern letter in addition to a booklet of his medical prescriptions.

Then I came back to the Thromde office and the officer in charge kindly referred and recommended based on my brother's case, to a school principal to enroll him there. Unfortunately, lockdown happened-, and had to make a request to the school via phone. I was advised to come after the lockdown when they inform. Suddenly, on one fine day, I got a call from school to come there and submit my application. I eagerly went to submit documents taking along my brother. Reaching there, they sent us back stating that they could not verify documents as it is too technical. Then, was advised to come back last Saturday so that a group of health officials could verify documents and check my brother's medical condition.
With some hope, we reached school on Saturday by 9:00 am and could enter the room for verification only by 12:30 pm-ish. After discussing for 20 or so minutes we were again asked to come to the hospital for a medical check-up on coming Wednesday and also produce a family tree document. And God knows what's next!
While I don't want to complain, it's been so stressful and difficult to surmount all these through. I deliberately did not want to use any acquaintances to get these done easily without following due protocols because I believe it affects the service delivery for others alike as well.
And I really hope and pray all these are worth pursuing ultimately. At the same time, I am so grateful to so many people who provided your kind services so far in this journey and hopefully be the same or better henceforth too.
Kadrinchey la.

Happy Teachers' Day

While online resources and technological advancement have decentralized and fashioned the teaching-learning landscape in contemporary times no one can substitute the roles teachers play in one's life. Love, care, genuineness, inspiration, motivation, and extra sacrifices are non-negotiable. For the becoming of everyone and everything, there are no words to thank you all enough.

Happy Teachers' Day to all kings and queens of learning, la.
Kadrinche la.

Experiences and lessons learnt from BCSE preparation- A Talk to NRC final year stds.

Kuzuzangpo and very good evening to each and everyone on this virtual platform.

Thank you Tshering sir and the Norbu Rigter College family for providing this wonderful opportunity to share my humble experiences and lessons learned in the process of preparing for the Bhutan Civil Service Examination. It truly is an honor and privilege to interact with fellow younger generations.

I also would like to take this opportunity to wish all teachers of Bhutan and round the world a very Happy Teacher’s Day.

And by the way of information to the participants, I graduated in 2018 from Royal Thimphu College with a BA in Political Science and Sociology and did one year Post Graduate Diploma in Public Administration from the Royal Institute of Management in 2019.

At the outset, I would like to inform you that the experiences and lessons that I am going to share here are very individual and could differ from one another and I do not want to claim that mine is the best. It is just for relating purposes if there is anything relevant and worthy to take note of. If not please forgive me.

I have had an opportunity to share along a similar line with the final year students of Royal Thimphu College way back in 2019. And today’s content of the sharing wouldn’t be much different.

So, to start with, I would like to highlight one of the most repeated statements by both wise people as well as hypocrites “There is no shortcut to success”.  If there is one, I think it is hard work and self-discipline. To provide tips and recommendations, honestly, I don’t have magic or any silver bullet to ace the exam. Therefore, I will center my points on self-discipline and hard work as a tool/strategy for the preparation for BCSE.

Yes of course graduation was such a big achievement in my life but more than that it was an important rite of passage. Meaning that the responsibility to figure out and make decision falls upon us. There is no bell anchoring us, no deadlines, no supervisors, and no teachers telling us what to do or what not to do. We have to be responsible for ourselves and take ownership of what we decide and what we do in life.

So, with that in mind, during my final year at college, with excitement to graduate, I was also figuring out what should I do after that. In the hindsight, I wanted to become a civil servant since my childhood days. So, I reaffirmed my decision to appear for the Civil Service Examination right at the beginning of my final year. In fact, I aimed to top the exam, unfortunately, I could not, and fortunately didn’t fail. From this, I would like to convey that if you are going to appear for BCSE, decide beforehand. Don’t wait for the last month or last hour and importantly start preparing.

I say this because some of my really smart friends who could have done better in the exam, they were not sure whether they want to appear for it or not. Because they think the exam is too difficult and they won’t get through. Then suddenly they decide at the last hour to do the exam without much preparation and mess it up. BCSE is not rocket science, but of course, it is competitive. It is not about getting through or not getting through. Personally, my view of BCSE is that it is the right opportunity for us to learn about our country-, and its culture, history, development status, challenges, national objectives and priorities for development, current affairs, policies, and system among others. Therefore, along the process, BCSE prepares graduates not only for the civil service but for other employment opportunities as well and make us stay relevant. Considering this, whether opting for civil service or not, I think knowing the above-mentioned subjects are important for young people like ourselves.

Now how did I prepare for it?
With some leadership work and responsibilities on campus, during my final year, I could not attend the regular coaching class offered at the college. Actually, that’s a lame excuse. So then did any miracle happen for passing in BCSE exam?
In the hindsight, I was trying to keep up to date with current affairs and topical issues and, history and economic related subjects which helped me significantly in Main Examination. Also, I used to write journals and reflections in my diary so as to polish my writing style. So, coming to the self-discipline point, have the discipline of reading and writing. It doesn’t matter what genre are you reading or what kind of piece you are writing. Because it will improve you in articulating and expressing yourself or basically your communication skills. In this day and age, I think everyone will have access to similar kinds of information and data but BCSE depends on how you articulate and express yourself on paper as well as during Viva-voce for instance.

Next, I was certain about what I was good at and what I was not. So, it was important for me to identify my strengths and weaknesses, particularly in the context of individual subjects of the BCSE. Accordingly, I focused on my strengths but have not neglected the subjects in that I was comparatively weak. For instance, for PE, my strength was in Dzongkha and English subjects. Therefore, while I tried for securing fairly good marks in data interpretation and problem-solving it was critical for me to do exceptionally well in my areas of strength. So, I would like to say that focus on your strength but do not neglect and ignore your weaknesses as well.

Then after graduation, I signed up for the coaching classes in town.  Those coaching classes were really effective for me that it helped me to identify question patterns, the tips to manage the timing during an examination, some shortcut answers and ways to solve calculation problems-, and some details on the topic which are well researched by facilitators and institutions. I am not saying you should take coaching classes necessarily. I have some friends who have done really well without taking coaching classes. But my view of coaching classes is that we don’t have to do research that much and it helps to know the possible areas to study. It saves time and effort in doing research. It worked and was effective for me.

After graduation, you will also miss going to classes and following all those routines and systems. But when you have nothing to do, you land up staying idle. So, my personal suggestion is, to have the discipline to keep yourself busy and engaged. I followed the simple things like waking up early, praying and meditating, going for a walk, and reading. So, to me these disciplines were effective.

And now regarding challenges, I was involved in many activities like doing an internship with my college and with one CSO, attending coaching classes in the town, doing some write-up works for a friend’s project, and other social and personal activities simultaneously. And it seemed I was everywhere but nowhere. Now I realize that perhaps I could have focused much more on BCSE. The bottom line here is, to have the discipline of managing time and stay focused on what you are doing. I mean if you focus enough on something, I don’t think anything is impossible to achieve.

Last, it’s not too late for you all. Make a decision and start preparing. And I conclude here with “Success in BCSE is one of the bests, not the only best! You have to figure out what is best for you”.

My best wishes and Tashi Delek!

ཁྲུངས་སྐར་ཕུན་ཚོགས་ལྔ་ལྡན།

སངས་རྒྱསའི་རྗེས་སུ་བྲངས་ནས་སྤྲུལ་སྐུ།། འགྲོ་བའི་འཇིགས་སྐྱོབས་ནུས་པས་འཇིགས་མེད།། བསྟན་པའི་སྒྲ་ཆེན་སྒྲོགས་ནས་ཆོས་གྲགས།། མི་སེར་ཡོངས་ཀྱིས་བསྟེན...